The way different cultures deal with rules and regulations depends on whether they have adopted a universalistic or particularistic view and corresponding approach, according to F. Trompenaars and C. Hampden-Turner (Riding the waves of culture, 1989). Most western cultures and global institutions are based on a universalistic approach but in many other cultures a particularistic approach is much more common. These opposing views impact on how a common regulatory framework can be developed and implemented. 

Exceptions confirm the rules

In universal cultures rules and regulations apply to all parties equally as a guiding principle. For Bram it is absolutely clear that in a joint setting and collaboration we can not deviate from the rules of engagement. Exceptions exist but only to confirm the general rule. It is eminent that we apply the rule in a consistent manner to avoid unfair practices where one party gets unequal gains or advantages.

Rules are guidelines

Particularistic cultures, on the other hand, have a more flexible take on rules and regulations. Of course, they serve a purpose but merely as a guideline for addressing situations. Dr. Tossi wants Bram to acknowledge that clearly one situation differs from the next, since member states have different circumstances, and should be judged accordingly. Treating everyone the same way overlooks such circumstances which would not be fair.